DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL CULTURE

                       SHASHANK SHARMA

                RISE OF RURAL SETTLEMENT

                                         

 

    THE FIRST STEP TO THE SUCCESS OF HUMAN LIFE  

The agricultural achievement that began in the Neolithic period taught us to remain stable in one place.

Human beings started doing agricultural work by staying in one place instead of wandering and traveling again and again. The story of man's stability began in the Indian subcontinent around 6000 BC, and on the global scene from 9000 BC. "Mehargarh" was the first rural settlement located in Balochistan in the Indian subcontinent, Mehargarh was the first village to have a transition of Neolithic and Chalcolithic, ie where both eras exist. But when he came to the Copper Stone Age through Neolithic, he started a new civilization using metals. Almost all the changes took place in northwestern India which later flourished as the rise and development of the Indus civilization. 

                        MEHARGARH SITE                 

           The site is located in the Kachh plain on the banks of the Bolan River on the Indo-Balochistan border in the west of present-day Pakistan. Its period is believed to be from 7000 to 3300 BC.

The earliest evidence of the emergence of a "farming community" in the Indian subcontinent has been found here. This place was used as a temporary human habitation and probably in the seventh millennium BC. Here a human colony came into existence here.

These remains show that the people here used to cultivate wheat,barley ,rsheep, goats and other animals. Mehargarh is located on the banks of the Bolan River in present-day Baluchistan. The importance of this site in Indian history is due to many reasons. This site also covers the Indian subcontinent in the original agricultural area of ​​wheat-barley and the neolithic era. Brings the Indian period closer to the neolithic period of the world. Apart from this site sheds light on the development and origin of the Indus civilization. This site is a place before the Harappan civilization from which houses of brick like Harappa and till about 6500 today, Mehargarh residents started making tools and utensils like Harappa.Certainly there will be more such sites in this whole area, if excavated, new facts can be found in relation to the Harappan civilization. An instrument obtained from Mehargarh has attracted the attention of all. It is a drill that is very similar to the drill of modern dental practitioners. Evidence of the use of this drill is also found from the teeth obtained from the site.This drill is of copper and due to the eagerness of the early humans to take this new metal, many experiments on it must have been done at that time, it seems from the invention of this drill. Another important item is the san stone which was used to make metal-edged tools and weapons. Other items to be obtained from Mehargarh are weaving baskets, tools and beads which are found in large quantities. Many of these beads also appear to belong to other civilizations that may have been brought either during trade or migration.Pottery, copper tools, weapons and tombstones have also been found from later levels. These mausoleums have human burials as well as objects which indicate that the residents of Mehrgarh were familiar with the initial form of religion. Unfortunately, this important site of the past has been neglected due to the instability of Pakistan. The site was excavated in 1974–1986, 1997–2000 AD, respectively, and the principal archaeologists are Jean Francis and Catherine Gerridge.If properly excavated, this site can reveal new facts on the development of human civilization in the region. In this excavation till now, there is evidence from here from the Neolithic period to the Bronze Age, which are scattered in a total of 8 archaeological levels. These 8 levels give us information about the history of 5000 years. Of these, the oldest level which is at the bottom is of the Neo-Naval period and is about 9000 years ago, while the latest level is of the Bronze Age and is about 4000 years ago.Mehrgarh and other places like this can give us a better insight into understanding the chapter on human migration that started in South Africa millions of years ago and spread across different branches to Europe, India and South East Asia.

                                       

             DESOLATION OF MEHARGARH       

   Around 4000 BC, there were some changes in nature, Changing the course of rivers, Changing the course of rivers, Famine, drought, natural disasters, various natural calamities etc. were the problem which caused the people of Mehargarh to leave their territory and not the Indus. Settled in fertile areas, including Amri, Saraikhola, Jalilpur, etc. living in various small and large settlements, wheat and which started farming. In the area of ​​Indus, he got more benefit and by mutual cooperation and mutual coordination, he oriented them towards rapid development.

That is why we call "Mehargarh" the father of cities.

                                         

          GENERAL ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT

Here we saw about the Neolithic revolution that man has learned to be stable in one place in the development of agriculture. It was natural for these neolithic settlements to be mutual, these mutual relations encouraged the barter trade. Now people wandered far and wide in search of trade, which gave them access to far-end items, food items, mineral resources mainly copper, instead of which it got its place precious items, rubies, crystal beads, carnelian Used to give goods like beaded or food items etc.

 For example, if said, the people of the nearby areas of Harappa like Kotdijji, Amri, Jalilpur, Saraikhola (all these areas are pre-Harappan sites) etc. have their goods loaded on camels, bullock carts and settlements of the former. They go to Bikaner, where they mix with the Sothi culture of Hanumangarh (Pre Kalibanga Harappan), which gives Western nomad merchant shepherds information about the resources there, giving them their goods in return and buying goods from them. Western nomadic shepherds-traders get information about the copper metal of Khetri and Sikar in Jhunjhunu, where the villagers of the Indus Valley would exchange the copper metal, copper equipment, etc., by giving them and wheat and other things. is . Thus, in all these rural settlements, mutual trade relations were shared which became effective for the development of cities.

                                           

  RELATIONSHIP WITH NORTH WESTERN COUNTRY 

 The  most important event was the connection of these rural settlements with the Sumerian civilization of Mesopotamia in the Dahl - Euphrates river valley in Iraq. Early Harappai rural settlements in the Far West, Sutkagendor (Makran coast), Sotkakoh, Rana Ghandai, etc. were familiar with Iran and Iraq, as well as technical knowledge of shipbuilding art, due to the settlements of those settlements in the coastal areas.On the other hand, rural settlements in Afghanistan in the northwest were also aware of Iraq and Iran by land route. As a result, our ancestors (rural citizens) continued to travel to Mesopotamia with their camels, bullock carts, ships etc. and exchanged barter system. These rural nomad merchants also had links with the Arab countries Dilmun (Bahrain) and Egypt, Syria etc. in Iraq, where they saw and understood urban development, architecture, city planning, temples, medicine etc.After traveling all the countries abroad, our ancestors built planned cities in their own way with ease and scientific method, good drainage system which was not well organized in any western country, planned road construction, building construction etc. different from all countries and There were the best in the world, which still gives us a living depiction of every event of that glorious life in the form of rich relics. This relationship of mutual synergy not only brought about daily necessities, technical changes in trade and agriculture but also the well-being of planned cities. Laid. In this first phase of civilization, there was also a specific type of sealing of the trade head of the settlements for the sound of goods, which we have found archaeological evidence that was sealed on smooth wet soil. Special script was also recognized which was emotional but we have not yet been able to understand it, so the first urbanization has been placed in the Protohistory period. 

                                         

                                 In Hindi           

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